In 1902, Samuel Clemens received an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of Missouri. Other recipients that year included retired St. Louis businessman and philanthropist Robert Somers Brookings, in the front row left of Clemens; (back row, left-right) Dr. Beverly Thomas Galloway, chief of the U.S. Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D.C.; Ethan Allen Hitchcock, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, 1898–1907; James Wilson, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, 1897–1913.